During the whole bus ride, Grover kept glancing nervously down the aisle, watching the other passengers. It occurred to me that he'd always acted nervous and fidgety when we left Yancy, as if he expected something bad to happen.
这里的expect为什么是一般过去式?它是虚拟还是真事,它 表达的意思是不是“发生在It occurred to me以前的 每次离开他都好像预料到坏事要发生?”为什么不用had expected?
曹老师:
as if引导方式状语从句,谓语动词可以用陈述语气也可以用虚拟语气,取决于说话人认为从句内容可能是事实,还是纯粹是与事实相反的描述。如你看见一个小孩嘴在动,你认为他是在吃东西,你可以说:The boy's mouth is moving as if he is eating something. (陈述语气,意思为男孩嘴在动,像是在吃东西。很可能真是在吃东西。)另一种情景:一个睡着了婴儿,嘴一动一动的,就像在吃东西一样(实际在睡觉)。于是你可以说:The baby's mouth is moving as if he were/was eating something.(虚拟语气,与事实相反的描述。)一般语法书的例句多举的是需用虚拟语气的情景,其实很多其它情景是需要用陈述语气的。
The man's face is pale as if he is ill. (He may be ill)
Tom's face is pale as if he had seen a ghost.(There is no ghost in this world)
你提问的句子全部用一般过去时态,as if从句用一般过去时表示当时的情景,这是时态的正常用法,也就是陈述语气。说话人认为他可能就是担心会出事。不是虚拟语气。
对追问的回复
你说的有一定的道理,但不完全正确。
语法书告诉我们,as if从句 中的虚拟语气动词形式和wish后的宾语从句形式相同,即用过去式表示与现在事实相反,用had done表示与过去事实相反。如果主句谓语是现在时态,很容易判断从句的谓语形式是陈述还是虚拟语气。当主句谓语是过去时态时,就有一定的问题。即如果从句表示的是与当时的事实相反,用过去完成形式;从句表示与当时的过去的事实相反,就该用过去过去完成的形式。遗憾的是英语没有过去过去完成这种动词形式,只有过去完成形式。于是就造成了无法从形式上判断从句表示当时的过去时,究竟是陈述语气还是虚拟语气,只能靠逻辑。当如果从逻辑上判断从句的时间与主句的谓语应该是同一个时间,但从句谓语却用了过去完成的形式,我们就可以从形式上判断这是虚拟语气的用法。另外,当主语为单数第一、三人称而谓语用were的时候,也是虚拟语气。如:
He acted as if he were a teacher.(were告诉我们是虚拟语气)
It looked as if he had known the news. (过去完成形式表示这是虚拟语气。否则该用knew。)
He looked around as though he was searching for something. (陈述语气)
He looked around as if he had been searching for something (虚拟语气)
His face was pale as if he had seen a ghost. (无法从形式判断,只能逻辑判断为虚拟语气。)
因此,不能说过去时态无所谓虚拟不虚拟。只能说有时候陈述语气和虚拟语气的形式重合了,只能从逻辑上判断。提问中的句子没有用had expected而用expected,这就是陈述语气形式。如果用had expected的虚拟语气形式,则强烈暗示实际不可能会出什么事。
陈老师:
During the whole bus ride, Grover kept glancing nervously down the aisle, watching the other passengers. It occurred to me that he'd always acted nervous and fidgety when we left Yancy, as if he expected something bad to happen.
这里的expect为什么是一般过去式?它是虚拟还是真事,它 表达的意思是不是“发生在It occurred to me以前的 每次离开他都好像预料到坏事要发生?”为什么不用had expected?
as if引导的方式状语从句是否是“陈述语气”还是“虚拟语气”
(1)情况是否属实,如果不属实际,则为虚拟语气
(2)情况属实,或者有可能发生,则为陈述语气
根据以上句子意思,为情况有可能发生,因此为陈述语气。