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问题描述
下面的句子是2016江苏卷阅读理解C文中的：
El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.
请问句中的过去分词短语collected over several years in the western Pacific 是什么成分？是定语吗？有人说是定语，而且是非限制性定语。但我只听说过非限制性定语从句，难道也有非限制性短语吗？请专家老师解释一下，谢谢！
另外，这个句子是什么意思？也请老师翻译一下，谢谢老师！
老师答疑
刘老师：
El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.
【翻译】厄尔尼诺看到，几年来在西太平洋集聚而成的一股暖流，当正常的西风减弱时就会向东回流，或者有时候相反。
【注】厄尔尼诺现象：现为气象用语，指赤道中、东太平洋海水表面温度偶尔增暖的现象。
【分析】collected over several years in the western Pacific，可以分析为过去分词短语作定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句：which has been collected over several years in the western Pacific，collect用作及物动词，意为“被聚集；被积累”。
我在翻译时当作限制性定语翻译的，这其实无所谓。
关于“厄尔尼诺现象”的英语原句：
If you look at how El Nino affects all the nations around the Pacific Rim, Australia is often thought of prominently in that regard.
如果你观察一下厄尔尼诺现象对环太平洋地区所有国家造成的影响，澳大利亚经常被视为是首当其冲。
The regional model, developed at the IPRC, successfully simulates key features of the region's present-day cloud fields, including the observed response of clouds to El Nino.
IPRC开发的这个区域模型成功地模拟了这个区域当今云区的关键特性，包括观测到的云区对厄尔尼诺现象的反应。
Although El Nino is normally associated with warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, it also causes changes in weather patterns and the way the ocean circulates.
尽管厄尔尼诺现象通常会被与东太平洋海面温度增高联系在一起，但同时它还会引起气象模式和海洋流动的方式发生变化。
Much depends on how much the El Nino deepens in the next few months.
这在很大程度上取决于未来几个月中厄尔尼诺现象发展的程度。
Some research has even suggested that hurricanes could trigger or enhance El Nino conditions in the Pacific Ocean.
一些研究甚至表明飓风可以触发或加强太平洋的厄尔尼诺现象的状况。
In some instances El Nino seems to counteract the volcanic effects; in others, they seem to reinforce one another.
有时候厄尔尼诺现象似乎抵消了火山爆发的影响，而另外一些时候则是加强了。
They say if recent trends in Pacific climate patterns persist, there is a strong chance that an El Nino pattern will emerge in the coming months.
他们说，如果最近的太平洋气候模式一直持续下去，在未来几个月里就极有可能出现厄尔尼诺现象。
Climatologists are warning that an El Nino weather pattern, which can spark severe floods, forest fires and droughts, could develop in the coming weeks across the Asia-Pacific region.
气候学家警告说，足以引发严重洪灾、森林大火和干旱的厄尔尼诺现象可能会在未来几个星期内在整个亚太地区形成。
The El Nino phenomenon returned last year, so we expected the higher temperatures this year.
去年又出现厄尔尼诺现象，所以我们预计今年的温度会更高。
The forecasts take into account El Nino and La Nina, ballooning greenhouse gas levels as well as solar effect and natural variations in the world’s oceans.
这些预报考虑到了厄尔尼诺现象、拉尼娜现象、不断增长的温室气体水平以及太阳活动和全球海洋的自然变化。
Part of the warmth earlier this year may have been due to an El Nino event in the Pacific Ocean, which tends to warm the planet, but that event is no longer taking place.
部分今年早期的暖和，也许是由于趋向于使地球变暖的太平洋厄尔尼诺现象所致，但这在后来就不再发生了。
El Nino usually lasts for about 18 months.
厄尔尼诺现象通常会持续18个月。
The researchers conclude that declining solar activity over the period and an overall change from El Nino to La Nina conditions in the Pacific Ocean also contributed to the temperature plateau.
研究者得出结论，这个阶段太阳活跃度降低以及在太平洋地区从厄尔尼诺现象到拉尼娜现象的全面转换也是温度变化进入停滞期的原因。
Then, this past winter, there was a natural weather shift called the Arctic Oscillation, sort of a cold weather cousin to El Nino.
然后在上个冬季，出现了一种气候变化，就是所谓的“北极涛动”，和厄尔尼诺现象相关联的寒冷气候现象。
In an El Nino year, there are typically more hurricanes in the Eastern Pacific and, conversely, fewer such storms in the Atlantic.
在厄尔尼诺现象发生的年头里，比较典型的是，东太平洋会有更多的飓风，而大西洋的飓风会减少。
Researchers at The University of Texas at Austin have found that significant changes in the shape of the Earth in the past 28 years may be linked to climate events such as the El Nino weather pattern.
美国得克萨斯大学的科学家经研究发现，在过去28年中，地球形状发生明显的变化似乎都与气象事件（如厄尔尼诺现象等）有关系。
The same intertropical convergence zone shifts in response to periodic El Nino events, which weaken monsoon rains in Southeast Asia in the modern era.
而当代，热带辐合区随着定期发生的厄尔尼诺现象而转移，因此削弱了东南亚地区的季风降雨。
An El Nino event can also bring wetter weather to parts of the United States and can affect the monsoon season in India.
厄尔尼诺现象还可以导致美国部分地区的多雨，并且能够影响印度的季风季节。
El Nino is the name given to the mysterious and often unpredictable change in the climate of the world.
厄尔尼诺现象指的是神秘的、通常是不可预知的世界气候变化。
And since El Nino can be predicted up to two years in advance, governments and NGOs might be better able to plan for the possibility of a civil war.
好在厄尔尼诺现象提前两年就能预测到，政府和非政府组织可以为可能爆发的内战做一手准备。
An extended warming period, resulting from an El Nino weather event in the Pacific Ocean, is likely to push up global temperatures, experts predict.
据有关专家预测，由太平洋“厄尔尼诺现象”所造成的温暖期延长可能会导致全球气温升高。
Researchers at Australia's Bureau of Meteorology agree that an El Nino event is likely.
澳大利亚国家气象局的科学家们也认为很可能会出现厄尔尼诺现象。
An El Nino event occurs when water temperature in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean rises abnormally.
当太平洋东部的海水水温异常攀升时，就会产生厄尔尼诺现象。
La Nina and its opposite El Nino ocean-atmosphere phenomenon have strong influences on global temperatures.
拉尼娜现象和与其相反厄尔尼诺现象对全球温度影响巨大。
During an El Nino, heavy rains associated with the warmer waters move into the central Pacific Ocean and typically cause drought in Australia, and floods in Peru.
厄尔尼诺现象来临时，信风减弱，暖水东移，给东太平洋地区带来大量降雨，同时使秘鲁等国家陷于洪涝，印度尼西亚和澳大利亚则苦于干旱。
Such connections may still exist—because new research finds that the risk of civil war in tropical countries increases during hot, dry El Nino years as opposed to cooler La Nina periods.
它们之间的微妙关系至今尚存——因为一项新的研究显示，相对较为寒冷的反圣婴现象发生年间，在干燥炎热的厄尔尼诺现象发生时，内战爆发的可能性比较大。
The most devastating El Nino occurred in 1997.
最具破坏性的厄尔尼诺现象发生在1997年。
El Nino may have played a role in spurring a fifth of the 234 conflicts studied.
在研究人员研究的234场战争中，有五分之一很可能就是由厄尔尼诺现象引发的。
El Nino may have played a role in spurring a fifth of the 234 conflicts studied.
在研究人员研究的234场战争中，有五分之一很可能就是由厄尔尼诺现象引发的。
【补充一下】网友可能想知道，非谓语动词（包括现在分词和过去分词）作定语是很常见的现象。但有时却在修饰语和被修饰语之间加了逗号，这时，就可以理解为非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。
【回复王老师】
您提出的问题跟“无生命主语”有关。我在回答时考虑到了这个问题，但是，出于对修辞格（拟人）的偏好，我保留了原意：
El Nino, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.
“厄尔尼诺”一词来源于西班牙语，原意为“圣婴”。
19世纪初，在南美洲的厄瓜多尔和秘鲁等西班牙语系的国家，渔民们发现，每隔几年，从10月至第二年的3月便会出现一股沿海岸南移的暖流，使表层海水温度明显升高。南美洲的太平洋东岸本来盛行的是秘鲁寒流，随着寒流移动的鱼群使秘鲁渔场成为世界四大渔场之一，但这股暖流一出现，性喜冷水的鱼类就会大量死亡，使渔民们遭受灭顶之灾。由于这种现象最严重时往往在圣诞节前后，于是遭受天灾而又无可奈何的渔民将其称为上帝之子——圣婴。
此外，从语法结构上讲，see water flow back...，是一个“谓语+复合宾语”结构。
王老师：
赞同刘老师的解答。仅提一点拙见，似乎把El Nino sees 译为“厄尔尼诺看到”不是最佳选择，也许译为“El Nino的特点是……”更合适。因为see 除了见证，经历之外，还有to be characterized by...的意思。例：The world economy saw a rapid growth years ago. 如果译为“厄尔尼诺看到”，感觉厄尔尼诺是个人，而不是现象了。
{回复刘老师}：
我知道在英语中，一些和气候相关的自然现象，往往以人名命名，如Katrina, Sandy等飓风，El Nino 是根据“圣婴”命名，但这些都是自然现象，而且文章中也讲的是自然现象，而自然现象如果译为“看到”也不合乎汉语表达习惯和逻辑，况且这只是一篇普通科普性文章而已。我觉得译为“厄尔尼诺的特征是……”或“厄尔尼诺发生在……”更符合汉语表达习惯，也和文章的文体对应。英语原文字典对see的解释，其中一项是to be characterized by 和to be the time or place when something happens，我觉得这里的see就是这个意思。
很高兴和您探讨。
陈老师：
问句中的过去分词短语collected over several years in the western Pacific 是什么成分？
回答如下：
同意刘老师解答观点：以上为过去分词短语做后置定语修饰前面的名词
El Nino sees warm water，which has been collected over several years in the western Pacific
补充一点个人的愚见，
El Nino sees 应该翻译为“厄尔尼诺现象见证了”更为妥当些
董老师：
王老师，无生命主语和see 搭配，我只找到to be the time or place when something happens，但没找到to be characterized by，请教是哪本词典有该释义？
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