什么是“组合形式”（粘附词素的一种）

问题描述

“组合形式”是什么，语法书介绍很难，没有太看懂，老师可否简单介绍一下。

提示：组合形式是粘附词素的一种。

老师答疑

曹老师：

粘附词素是相对自由词素而言的。自由词素可以单独构成单词，也可以作为词根与其它词素结合构成单词。粘附词素不能单独构成单词，分为词缀和组合形式二种。前者不能作为词根，只能附着于词根。后者可以作为词根与词缀或其他词素构成单词。组合形式通常都是来自于拉丁语或希腊语。例子我就不举了。书上都有。

陈老师：

“组合形式”是什么，语法书介绍很难，没有太看懂，老师可否简单介绍一下。

提示：组合形式是粘附词素的一种。

你问的实际上是词缀组合形式。

组合形式

1）arch-  

comb form 构词成分

chief; most important 为首的; 最重要的: archangel * archbishop.
extremely bad 极坏的: arch-enemy.

2）bio-  

combining form
(in nouns, adjectives and adverbs) connected with living things or human life: biodegradable ◆ biography

3）-crat  

comb form 构词成分 (forming ns 用以构成名词) member or supporter of a type of government or rule 某政体或统治形式的成员或拥护者: democrat * technocrat * bureaucrat. > -cratic (forming adjs 用以构成形容词): aristocratic.

4）-cracy  

comb form 构词成分 (forming ns 用以构成名词) government or rule of 统治: democracy * technocracy * bureaucracy.

5）geo-  

combining form
(in nouns, adjectives and adverbs) of the earth: geochemical ◆ geoscience

6）-graph  

comb form 构词成分 (forming ns 用以构成名词)
instrument that writes or records 书写或记录用具: telegraph * pantograph * phonograph.
writing, record or drawing 书写; 记录; 图画: autograph * monograph * photograph * lithograph.
> -graphic(al) comb form 构词成分 (forming adjs from ns ending in -graph or -graphy 和以-graph, -graphy结尾的名词构成形容词).

7）-graphy  

comb form 构词成分 (forming ns 用以构成名词)
indicating a form of writing, representation, etc 表示书写﹑ 表现等的形式: calligraphy * photography.
indicating an art or a descriptive science 表示某种艺术或描述性的学科: choreography * geography.
> -grapher comb form 构词成分 (forming ns 用以构成名词) person who does such an activity 从事该项活动的人: photographer * geographer.

8）-logue  

(US -log) comb form 构词成分 (forming ns 用以构成名词) talk or speech 话; 谈话: monologue * travelogue.

9）-logy  

comb form 构词成分 (forming ns 用以构成名词)
subject of study 论; 学: mineralogy * sociology * theology * zoology.
speech or writing 语言; 文字: trilogy * phraseology * tautology.
> -logic(al) comb form 构词成分 (forming adjs 用以构成形容词): physiologic(al) * pathological.
-logist comb form 构词成分 (forming ns 用以构成名词) person skilled in a subject of study 某学科学者: biologist * geologist.

10）multi-  

comb form 构词成分 having many of 有很多...的: multicoloured 多色的 * a ,multimillio`naire, ie a person having more than two million pounds, dollars, etc （有二百万镑﹑ 元等以上的）百万富翁 * a ,multiracial com`munity, so`ciety, `country, etc, ie with many different races 多种族社区﹑ 社会﹑ 国家等 * a ,multi-storey `car park, ie consisting of a building with several floors 多层停车场.

11）-phone  

comb form 构词成分
(forming ns 用以构成名词) instrument using sound 使用声音的仪器: telephone * dictaphone * xylophone.
(forming adjs 用以构成形容词) speaking a particular language 说某种语言的: anglophone * francophone.
> -phonic comb form 构词成分 (forming adjs 用以构成形容词) of an instrument using sound 使用声音的仪器的: telephonic.

12）pseudo-  

combining form
(in nouns, adjectives and adverbs) not genuine; false or pretended: pseudo-intellectual ◆ pseudo-science

13）psych(o)-, psycho-  

comb form 构词成分 of the mind 精神的; 心灵的; 心理的: psychiatry * psychology * psychotherapy.

14）-scope  

comb form 构词成分 (forming ns 用以构成名词) instrument for looking through or observing with 观察用的仪器: microscope * oscilloscope * telescope.
> -scopic(al) comb form 构词成分 (forming adjs 用以构成形容词): microscopic(al) * telescopic.
-scopy comb form 构词成分 (forming ns 用以构成名词)
observing 观察: spectroscopy.
use of an instrument like a microscope, telescope, etc 使用显微镜﹑ 望远镜等仪器: microscopy.

15）techno-  

comb form 构词成分 of the applied sciences 技术的; 工艺的; 技巧的: technology * technocrat.

16）tele-  

combining form (in nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs)
over a long distance; far: telepathy ◆ telescopic
connected with television: teletext
done using a telephone: telesales

17）mal-  

comb form 构词成分 bad(ly); not; incorrect(ly) 坏;不; 错误: maladjusted * maladministration * malfunction.